TUNISIA | Tunisian Revolution, Beyond Image and Rhetoric
Sunday, March 27, 2011 at 03:33PM
Crowds grew on Bourguiba Street, Tunis. Wassim Ben Rhouma / CC.
WITNESS | Written by A.G. Translated from the French by Melanie Griot, HELO Magazine, March-April 2011
*********************************************************************************
Ce témoignage et éditorial marque le premier article bilingue du magazine HELO. Si vous souhaitez le lire en anglais, merci de cliquez ici: La revolution Tunisienne entre l’image et le discours. This witness editorial story marks HELO’s first bi-lingual story. If you would like to read the story also in English, please go here: «Tunisian Revolution, Beyond Image and Rhetoric.»
*********************************************************************************
Landing in Tunis a month after the January 14th revolution, I was itching to experience the the sparkle on the street, near-religious fervor as Tunisia’s contours were being re-drawn. I wanted to experience the revolution for myself. The new contours, fuzzy but promising, suggested the birth of a new world in which we, the people, would make our own history.
I had experienced the revolution remotely, outside of my home country, my eyes glued to the TV and computer in need of information and sensations, at times surprised, content, anxious, enthusiastic, and hallucinated by the fast-evolving situation. I was saddened not to walk alongside the protesters and be part of the human flow that washed away the old system like crushing waves. Already, the movement was undermined by echoes of a counter-revolution. In the course of one month the world had changed, and I was scared of the future.
Tunisians flee tear gas aimed at protesters. Wassim Ben Rhouma / CC.
We knew all too well this nauseating old world; we had lived in it since decolonization. We felt both revolted and helpless to change it. This monotonous and monochrome world (President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali’s favorite color, mauve, had become the official color of his regime) had silenced all original voices. Then, all of a sudden, the people of Tunisia awoke.
They dared raise one voice against the tyrant and rally together around one lapidary word, violent in its permanence: Dégage! (slang for “get out”). On that day, January 14th, people on Habib Bourguiba Street chanted the word obsessively. Dégage! carried their frustration, rage and determination. Words against bullets to topple the tyrant. They took charge, invented and reinvented the world around them, reclaiming the streets which had been hijacked by the government for decades.
What’s most shocking in Tunis is the reconquest of the street. Public space had been entirely confiscated by Ben Ali’s regime and his henchmen. The secret police had patrolled the city streets, making life unbearable for the inhabitants whose words and activities were kept in check. The deviant and diffuse fear which had settled upon Tunis made people cautious about what they said. Most importantly, the revolution freed speech, allowing people to reclaim the streets. This political symbol rose alacritous voices and, at times, rose hell through a series of demonstrations.
La Kasbah’s Place du Government became the headquarters of the revolution and resistance movement. Youth refused to give up their newly acquired rights and let the transitional government steal the revolution. A diverse and colorful crowd took over the Kasbah, a district which previously lied dormant in the secular beauty of its historical monuments and inaccessible ministries.
They scolded the transitional government and its Prime Minister, Mohamed Ghannouchi, who held the role for 11 years under the ousted president. They asked to cut all ties with the former regime. In spite of facing severe repression during the first sit-in (after the formation of the Ghannouchi government was announced), the students organized a second one. This time around, the thousands of youth who came from the very birthplaces of the revolution, Sidi Bouzid, Kasserine Tala and elsewhere, were intent on holding on until the end so that their demands would be heard.
What were the demands? It was a wild assemblage of diverse and sometimes contradictory demands: an end to government, obstinately sought by a growing number of Tunisians who criticized the Ghannoucchi government for its softness and lack of vision reflected in their clumsy handling of politics; elections for a Constituent Assembly; installation of a parliamentary system; Arab unity; etc. At the heart of it all, lied the primary demand shouted out repeatedly by the Kasbah’s demonstrators: “The People want the fall of the government; the People want to cut all ties with the former regime.”
The demands took on a diversity of shapes, each one competing for irony and humor in a display of unbridled creativity. Someone was dressed up as “The People’s Cook,” holding the “Revolution Menu”...
Revolution menu, Tunis. By A.G.Another carried a Scrabble-inspired sign spelling out the Ghannouchi-led government’s (mis)handling of the transition...
Revolution Scrabble, Tunis. By A. G. And still others subverted Tunisian popular lyrics with inflammatory words against the Prime Minister and the President of the interim government. Everywhere, graffiti and words expressed the movement’s implacable will and a hatred for everything that had to do with the old regime.
The difficulty lied in how to transform this apparently spontaneous type of opposition –the youth’s commitment to freedom and all the fascinating images — into political discourse. The Kasbah youth’s demands, when translated into political discourse, took on a radical turn benefiting extremist political parties who did not hesitate to use popular mobilization for their own and rather shady political ends. That’s why we witnessed the formation of a Counsel for the Protection of the Revolution claiming to represent the popular movement. The Counsel not only demanded the dissolution of the Ghannouchi government – considered illegitimate, but also its replacement by that very Counsel, which claims to have popular legitimacy.
Some spoke against the hijacking of this popular movement by an unlikely bunch of political parties and organizations, including the powerful General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), radical left parties, Baathist parties, professional organizations of lawyers and judges, as well as the Islamist party, Ennahdha. The coalition sought full political power. Ironically, they questioned the President’s legitimacy yet demanded to be appointed by presidential decree as a government-monitoring body with decision-making powers, to rewrite electoral and political participation laws as well as supervise the judiciary branch and the media.
The public debate was poisoned from increasingly radical factions, resulting in a deleterious cacophony, reciprocal accusations, where each and everyone became the object of political lynching. We saw a free-for-all that could have led the country to chaos. All the more so since strikes were taking place everywhere in Tunisia, wage demands were multiplying, and “dégagatitude” (enthusiasm for removing those in power, a made-up word based on “dégager”, to get out) was spreading. Groups within the public and private sectors liberally summoned higher-ups and those they don’t like to leave now.
Inevitably in this tense climate of political confusion, moderate groups (such as the Ettajdid movement and the Progressive Democratic Party) who once represented the true opposition to Ben Ali’s regime, but who recently became part of government, were marginalized. The violence, which had diminished was on the rise again, reflecting in a way the very state of the political debate.
Act three of the protests were particularly violent; on Friday, February 25, a group of young rioters took advantage of the protests still held on Habib Bourguiba Street to break, pillage and destroy local businesses. The circumstances that led to the destruction were unclear. Some believe the perpetrators were motivated by gains, others that they were paid by the remaining troops of the former ruling party and Tunisia’s ex-first family, and still others speak of corrupted politicians working in collusion with the secret police of Ben Ali and the former ruling party to abort the revolution.
The fact remains that two days after the riots, the streets of downtown Tunis had a gloomy spell in stark contrast with the festive and colorful Kasbah sit-ins. People were tense, some were hooded, and policemen in civilian clothes and passersby sometimes assaulted individuals suspected to have taken part in the riots. Repression was back in all its visual unsightliness and its images of chaos and confusion.
The demonstration continued after the fall of Ben Ali. By A.G.Tunisia faced a political impasse in the five weeks that followed the fall of Ben Ali’s regime. The country risked a sectarian drift and a radical take-over of the political debate –the moderate parties being discredited due to their participation in government. To exit the impasse, Prime Minister Ghannouchi had to resign, only to be replaced by a veteran of Tunisian politics, Béji Caid Essebi, a former Minister of Foreign Affairs and Interior Minister and Defense Minister under Habib Bourguiba, respected in Tunisia for opposing Bourguiba in the 70s.
In spite of the critics, since his appointment, Essebi managed to pacify the political arena and obtain somewhat of a consensus on a political roadmap – something the previous government did not achieve. He announced the dissolution of parliament; the suspension of the Tunisian Constitution; Constituent Assembly elections by July 24, 2011; and the creation of a High Commission for the Realization of Revolutionary Goals, Political reforms and Democratic Transition, in charge of drafting new electoral laws. In the end, the latter will be made of two parts: a counsel comprised of civil society and political figures and a lawyers’ committee to write the directives and decisions into laws.
More than anything, it’s the clean break-up with the former regime of Ben Ali that has led to a renewed trust in government. A series of measures have followed: dissolution of the Democratic Constitutional Rally (Rassemblement Constitutionel Démocratique, RCD), the former ruling party who nauseated so many Tunisians due to its control of the State and its corruption; and dissolution of the secret police, who had terrorized and harassed Tunisian opponents of the regime and human-rights activists.
In the Kasbah, the clamor of demonstrations has died off. People have gone back to their home towns, and life is back to normal. City workers have come to clean up the graffiti, which had given the once heavily policed streets, an anarchist atmosphere. The young torch-bearers of the revolution, with passion in their eyes, remain burned into the air as the most memorable image of the Tunisian revolution.






